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1 sales-force promotion
эк. стимулирование (собственного) торгового персонала -
2 sales-force promotion
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3 promotion
сущ.1) марк. стимулирование, поощрение, раскрутка, продвижение, рекламирование, промоушен, содействие; пропаганда (деятельность направленная на увеличение популярности какого-л. лица или продукта, спроса на какой-л. продукт или группу продуктов, объемов продаж и т. п.)promotion planner — разработчик планов стимулирования [продвижения\]
promotion of health — укрепление здоровья, оздоровление
promotion costs — издержки по стимулированию спроса [продвижению товара\]
promotion measures — мероприятия по стимулированию [продвижению\]
See:above-the-line promotion, below-the-line promotion, cents-off promotion, cold mail promotion, combo promotion, consumer franchise building promotion, consumer promotion, cross-promotion, direct promotion, direct response promotion, donor promotion, indirect promotion, in-store promotion, joint promotion, national promotion, personality promotion, piggyback promotion, price promotion, product promotion, retailer promotion, sale promotion, sales promotion, sales-force promotion, saturation promotion, self-promotion, tie-in promotion, trade promotion 1), 2), umbrella promotion, weekly promotions, event promotion, export promotion, import promotion, industrial promotion, investment promotion, trade promotion 3) promotion allowance, promotion budget, promotion campaign, promotion expenditure, promotion expense, promotion manager, promotion marketing, promotion mix, promotion money 2), promotion spending, promotion measures, promotion money 1) British Code of Sales Promotion Practice, British Codes of Advertising and Sales Promotion, ICC International Code of Sales Promotion, Market Promotion Program, Convention (No. 154) concerning the Promotion of Collective Bargaining, Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement, Institute of Sales Promotion, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Korea Trade Promotion Corporation, Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency, Manufactured Imports Promotion Organization, Promotion of Non-Executive Directors, promote, promoter2) рекл. реклама, рекламный материал (рекламные объявления, листовки, проспекты, брошюры, плакаты и иные материалы, используемые с целью продвижения компаний, людей, товаров, идей и т. п.)See:3) упр. продвижение, повышение ( по службе)COMBS: discrimination in promotion
Syn:advance 1. 4)See:competitive promotion, internal promotion, non-competitive promotion, promotion examination, promotion ladder, promotion track, Convention (No. 168) concerning Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment, demotion
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1) содействие, поощрение; 2) поддержка; 3) учреждение, основание (компании); 4) содействие в продаже, создание благоприятных условий для продажи товаров; продвижение товаров на рынке; 5) повышение в должности.* * *стимулирование сбыта; продвижение товаров на рынок; реклама; инициация, стимулирование. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *совокупность разнообразных методов стимулирования, используемых компаниями при взаимодействии с целевыми рынками и широкой общественностью -
4 promotion
1. марк., рек. сприяння; заохочення; стимулювання; стимулювання збуту; 2. кадр. підвищення; просування; підвищення в посаді1. діяльність, націлена на просування продукту (product), що передбачає ознайомлення споживачів (consumer) з його якостями, користю, властивостями тощо; ♦ мета стимулювання — переконати споживачів, поширювати відомості і т. п. про позитивні якості продукту; 2. переведення працівника (employee) на вищу посаду (position²), де йому присвоюється вище звання та більший оклад (salary), підвищується його відповідальність, авторитет тощо═════════■═════════advertising promotion стимулювання за допомогою реклами; circulation promotion стимулювання зростання тиражу • сприяння зростанню тиражу; consumer promotion стимулювання споживчого попиту; direct response promotion стимулювання в рамках прямого маркетингу; end-of-year promotion сприяння на кінець року; export promotion сприяння розвитку експорту; in-store promotion стимулювання збуту, що проводиться в крамниці; job promotion просування/підвищення в посаді; joint promotion спільне стимулювання; industry promotion сприяння промисловості; local promotion стимулювання збуту на місцевому рівні • місцеве стимулювання; national promotion стимулювання в загальнонаціональному масштабі; one-shot sales promotion разовий захід стимулювання збуту; personality promotion сприяння розвитку особистості; price promotion цінове стимулювання • стимулювання збуту за допомогою цін; product promotion сприяння збуту продукту; retailer promotion стимулювання зусиль роздрібних торговців; safety promotion сприяння безпеці; sales force promotion стимулювання торговельного персоналу; sales promotion; seasonal promotion сезонний захід стимулювання збуту; special promotion спеціальне сприяння • спеціальний захід стимулювання збуту; special price promotion пропозиція пільгової ціни; summer promotion літня рекламна кампанія; tie-in promotion супровідне стимулювання; tourist promotion заохочення туризму; trade promotion стимулювання збуту • стимулювання торговельних замовників • стимулювання сфери торгівлі; umbrella promotion всебічне стимулювання; weekly promotions тижнева рекламна кампанія; word-of-mouth promotion реклама «з уст в уста»═════════□═════════promotion by seniority підвищення згідно з досвідом • підвищення за трудовим стажем; promotion mix комплекс заходів рекламної кампанії; promotion models моделі стимулювання збуту; to be due for a promotion чекати підвищення • очікувати підвищення • бути на черзі на підвищення; to be in line for promotion сподіватися підвищення; to do a promotion влаштовувати/влаштувати рекламну кампанію; to get a promotion діставати/дістати підвищення; to run a promotion провадити/провести рекламуpromotion ‡ A. four principles of marketing (386)▹▹ advertising▹▹ packaging* * *стимулювання збуту; просування товарів на ринок; реклама; знижка на новий товар ( тимчасова) -
5 sales promotion
марк., рек. стимулювання збуту; стимулювання продажувикористання короткострокових стимулів для збільшення попиту (demand) на продукцію (product) або заохочення діяльності персоналу, що займається збутом (sales force), роздрібників (retailer) чи будь-яких посередників; ♦ до заходів стимулювання збуту належать: для споживачів (consumer) sales promotion купони (coupon), знижка (rebate), показ продукції, зразків (sample), безплатне консультування (free advisory service) тощо; для персоналу, що займається збутом,-премія (premium¹), змагання, нагорода, заохочувальні подарунки тощо; для роздрібників чи посередників — безплатний товар, спільне рекламування (cooperative advertising), виставки (display), змагання між продавцями (sales contest) тощо═════════■═════════consumer sales promotion стимулювання збуту споживачам; trade sales promotion стимулювання збуту торговців═════════□═════════sales promotion budget кошторис витрат на заходи для стимулювання збуту; sales promotion costs витрати на стимулювання збуту; sales promotion manager керівник відділу стимулювання збуту; to carry out a sales promotion виконувати/виконати завдання стимулювання збуту; to organize a sales promotion організовувати/організувати заходи стимулювання збуту; to plan a sales promotion складати/скласти план стимулювання збутуsales promotion ‡ A. four principles of marketing (386)▹▹ advertising▹▹ promotion¹ -
6 national sales manager
упр. менеджер по национальным продажам*; управляющий национальной службой сбыта* ( руководит сбытом компании на уровне страны)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > national sales manager
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7 стимулирование собственного торгового персонала
Advertising: sales-force promotionУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > стимулирование собственного торгового персонала
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8 стимулирование торгового персонала
Advertising: sales-force promotionУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > стимулирование торгового персонала
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9 sale
seil1) (the act of giving something to someone in exchange for money: the sale of a house; Sales of cars have increased.) venta2) (in a shop etc, an offer of goods at lowered prices for a short time: I bought my dress in a sale.) rebaja3) (an event at which goods are sold: an auction sale; a book sale.) venta•- saleroom- salesman
- salesmanship
- for sale
- sale of work
sale n1. rebajas2. ventatr[seɪl]1 (act, transaction) venta■ I made a sale hice una venta, vendí algo3 (auction) subasta1 (amount sold) venta, ventas nombre femenino plural1 (reductions) rebajas nombre femenino plural\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLfor sale en venta'For sale' (sign on house etc) "Se vende"on sale or return en depósitoto put something up for sale poner algo a la venta, poner algo en ventaclearance sale liquidación nombre femeninosale goods artículos nombre masculino plural rebajadossale price precio rebajado, precio de rebajasales department departamento comercial, departamento de ventassales manager jefe,-a de ventas, gerente nombre masulino o femenino de ventas, director,-ra comercialsales pitch/talk charlatanería (de un,-a vendedor,-ra)sales receipt tique nombre masculino de comprasales tax impuesto sobre las ventassale ['seɪl] n1) selling: venta f2) : liquidación f, rebajas fplon sale: de rebaja3) sales npl: ventas fplto work in sales: trabajar en ventasn.• barato s.m.• liquidación s.f.• realización s.f.• remate s.m.• saldo s.m.• subasta s.f.• venta s.f.seɪl1)a) u ( act of selling) venta fb) c ( individual transaction) venta fall sales final — (AmE) no se aceptan devoluciones
c) c ( auction) subasta f, remate m (AmL)2) (in phrases)for sale: for sale se vende; to put something up for sale poner* algo en venta or a la venta; on sale ( at reduced price) (AmE): toys are on sale this week esta semana los juguetes están rebajados or en liquidación; ( offered for sale) (BrE): on sale now at leading stores ya está a la venta en los principales comercios; the new model goes on sale this week el nuevo modelo sale a la venta esta semana; (on) sale or return — (BrE) en depósito, en consignación
3) ( clearance) liquidación f; ( seasonal reductions) rebajas fpl; (before n) < price> de liquidación4) salesa) pl ( volume sold) (sometimes sing) (volumen m de) ventas fpl; (before n) <figures, promotion, campaign> de ventasb) ( department) (+ sing o pl vb) ventas (+ sing vb)she works in sales — trabaja en ventas; (before n) <department, manager, executive> de ventas
[seɪl]the sales force — el personal de ventas, los vendedores
1. N1) [of item, object, house] venta f•
is it for sale? — ¿está en venta?the house is for sale — la casa está en venta, esta casa se vende
•
to be on sale — (Brit) estar a la venta; (US) estar rebajado•
it's going cheap for a quick sale — se ofrece a bajo precio porque se tiene prisa en venderlo•
it found a ready sale — se vendió pronto•
on a sale or return basis — en depósito2) (=event) rebajas fplsale — (in shop window) rebajas
clearance sale — liquidación f (total)
2.CPDsale goods NPL — artículos mpl rebajados
sale price N — (=cost) precio m de venta; (=reduced cost) precio m rebajado, precio m de rebaja
sales agent N — agente mf de ventas
sales assistant N — (Brit) dependiente(-a) m / f
sales brochure N — folleto m publicitario
sales budget N — presupuesto m de ventas
sales call N — visita f de un representante
sales campaign N — campaña f de promoción y venta
sales check N — (US) hoja f de venta
sales clerk N — (US) dependiente(-a) m / f
sales conference N — conferencia f de ventas
sales department N — sección f de ventas
sales director N — director(a) m / f de ventas
sales drive N — promoción f de ventas
sales executive N — ejecutivo(-a) m / f de ventas
sales figures NPL — cifras fpl de ventas
sales force N — personal m de ventas
sales forecast N — previsión f de ventas
sales invoice N — factura f de ventas
sales leaflet N — folleto m publicitario
sales ledger N — libro m de ventas
sales literature N — folletos mpl de venta
sales manager N — jefe(-a) m / f de ventas
sales meeting N — reunión f de ventas
sales office N — oficina f de ventas
sales pitch * N — rollo m publicitario *
sales promotion N — campaña f de promoción de ventas
sales rep, sales representative N — representante mf, agente mf comercial
sales resistance N — resistencia f a comprar
sales revenue N — beneficios mpl de las ventas
sales slip N — (US) (=receipt) hoja f de venta
sales talk N — jerga f de vendedor
sales target N — objetivo m de ventas
sales tax N — (US) impuesto m sobre las ventas
sales volume N — volumen m de ventas
sale value N — valor m comercial, valor m en el mercado
* * *[seɪl]1)a) u ( act of selling) venta fb) c ( individual transaction) venta fall sales final — (AmE) no se aceptan devoluciones
c) c ( auction) subasta f, remate m (AmL)2) (in phrases)for sale: for sale se vende; to put something up for sale poner* algo en venta or a la venta; on sale ( at reduced price) (AmE): toys are on sale this week esta semana los juguetes están rebajados or en liquidación; ( offered for sale) (BrE): on sale now at leading stores ya está a la venta en los principales comercios; the new model goes on sale this week el nuevo modelo sale a la venta esta semana; (on) sale or return — (BrE) en depósito, en consignación
3) ( clearance) liquidación f; ( seasonal reductions) rebajas fpl; (before n) < price> de liquidación4) salesa) pl ( volume sold) (sometimes sing) (volumen m de) ventas fpl; (before n) <figures, promotion, campaign> de ventasb) ( department) (+ sing o pl vb) ventas (+ sing vb)she works in sales — trabaja en ventas; (before n) <department, manager, executive> de ventas
the sales force — el personal de ventas, los vendedores
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10 sale
(a) (act, event) vente f;∎ to work in sales travailler dans la vente;∎ for sale à vendre;∎ to put sth up for sale mettre qch en vente;∎ on sale en vente;∎ sale for the account vente à terme;∎ sale on approval vente à l'essai;∎ sale by auction vente aux enchères;∎ sale on CIF basis vente CAF;∎ sale at departure vente au départ;∎ sale by description vente sur description;∎ sale and lease-back cession-bail f;∎ sale at a loss vente à perte;∎ sales and marketing vente-marketing f;∎ sales and marketing department service m vente-marketing;∎ sales and marketing director directeur(trice) m, f des ventes et du marketing;∎ sale with option of repurchase vente avec faculté de rachat;∎ sale by order of the court vente judiciaire;∎ sale by private agreement vente à l'amiable;∎ sales and profit forecast prévision f des ventes et profits;∎ sale at a reduced price vente à prix réduit;∎ sale or return vente avec faculté de retour;∎ sale by sample vente sur échantillon;∎ sale by sealed tender vente par soumission cachetée;∎ sale as seen vente en l'étatsales account compte m des ventes;sales acumen sens m du commerce;sale agreement accord m ou protocole m de vente;sales analysis analyse f des ventes;British sales assistant vendeur(euse) m, f;sales audit audit m de vente;sales budget budget m commercial ou des ventes;sales campaign campagne f de vente;sales chart courbe f des ventes;American sales check ticket m de caisse;American sales clerk vendeur(euse);sales commission commission f de vente;sales consultant conseiller(ère) m, f commercial(e);sales contract contrat m de vente;sales counter comptoir m de vente;sales coverage couverture f du marché;sales department service m des ventes;sales director directeur(trice) commercial(e) ou des ventes;sales drive campagne de vente;sales effectiveness efficacité f des ventes;sales engineer agent m technico-commercial;sales equation équation f de vente;sales executive cadre m commercial;sales expansion développement m des ventes;STOCK EXCHANGE sales fee frais m pl d'achat ou d'acquisition;sales figures chiffre de vente;sales floor surface de vente;sales force force f de vente;sales forecast prévision des ventes;sales growth accroissement m des ventes;sales incentive stimulant m de vente;sales invoice facture f de vente;sales invoice ledger journal m factures-clients;ACCOUNTANCY sales ledger grand-livre m des ventes, journal des ventes;sales letter lettre f de vente;sales literature brochures f pl publicitaires;sales management direction f commerciale ou des ventes;sales manager directeur(trice) commercial(e) ou des ventes;sales meeting réunion f de représentants;sales monopoly monopole m de vente;sales network réseau m commercial ou de vente;sales note bulletin m de vente;sales objective objectif m de vente;sales orientation optique f vente;sales outlet point m de vente;sales performance efficacité de vente;sales personnel personnel m de vente;sales philosophy optique vente;sales pitch arguments m pl de vente;sales planning planification f des ventes;sales policy politique f de vente;sales potential potentiel m de vente;sales programme programme m des ventes;sales projection prévision des ventes;sales promoter promoteur(trice) m, f des ventes;sales promotion promotion f des ventes;sales promotion agency agence f de promotion des ventes;sales quota quota m de ventes;sales ratio ratio m des ventes;sales report rapport m ou relevé m de vente;sales representative représentant(e) m, f (de commerce), VRP m;sales research études f pl sur les ventes;sales response réaction f des ventes;sales room (for auction) salle f des ventes;sales schedule programme des ventes;American sales slip ticket m de caisse;sales staff personnel de vente;sales subsidiary filiale f de vente;sales support soutien m commercial;sales support staff personnel de soutien commercial;sales target objectif m de vente;American sales tax TVA f, taxe f à la valeur ajoutée;sales team équipe f de vente;sales technician agent m technico-commercial;sales technique technique f de vente;sales territory territoire m de vente;sales tool instrument m de vente;sales volume volume m des ventes;MARKETING sales wave vague f de vente(b) (at reduced prices) soldes m pl;∎ the sales les soldes;∎ I got it in a sale je l'ai acheté en soldesale price prix m soldé -
11 sale
sale [seɪl]1. noun• they are having a sale in aid of the blind on organise une vente (de charité) en faveur des aveugles► for sale• "for sale" « à vendre »• "not for sale" « cet article n'est pas à vendre »• our house is up for sale notre maison est en vente► on sale (British = being sold) en vente ; (US = on special offer) en promotion2. compounds• his sales pitch was persuasive il a très bien vanté le produit ► sales rep (inf), sales representative noun VRP m* * *[seɪl] 1.1) ( selling) vente fon sale — GB en vente; US en solde
to go on sale — GB être mis en vente; US être mis en solde
in the sale(s) — GB
on sale — US en solde
3) ( by salesman) vente f2.sales plural noun1) ( amount sold) ventes fpl2) ( career) commerce m3) ( department) service m des ventes4) ( event)the sales — les soldes fpl
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12 Verkaufsgebühr
Verkaufsgebühr
sales charge;
• Verkaufsgegenstand item, article of sale;
• Verkaufsgegenstände saleswork;
• Verkaufsgegenstand beschädigen to injure an article of merchandise;
• Verkaufsgehilfe shopmate;
• Verkaufsgelände sales location;
• Verkaufsgelegenheit sales opportunity;
• günstige Verkaufsgelegenheit vorübergehen lassen to lose a market;
• Verkaufsgemeinschaft sales combine (group), merketing association;
• Verkaufsgenehmigung sales permit, licence to sell;
• Verkaufsgenie star (top) salesman;
• Verkaufsgenossenschaft cooperative selling (sales) association, marketing cooperative, (Landwirte) producer cooperative;
• Verkaufsgerüchte rumo(u)rs of a bid;
• Verkaufsgeschäfte vermitteln to negotiate contracts of sale;
• Verkaufsgesellschaft sales association (company), agency company, distributing agency;
• Verkaufsgesellschaft von Firmenmänteln shell company;
• Verkaufsgesichtspunkt sales approach (angle);
• Verkaufsgesichtspunkte selling points;
• Verkaufsgespräch sales (dealer’s) talk, selling conversation, sales interview;
• Verkaufsgewandtheit [personal] salesmanship;
• Verkaufsgewicht selling weight;
• Verkaufsgewinn sales profit;
• Verkaufsgewohnheit selling habit;
• Verkaufsgrenze sales limit;
• Verkaufsgrundlage sales base;
• Verkaufsgruppe sales team;
• Verkaufshandbuch sales manual;
• Verkaufsherrichtung adapting for sale;
• Verkaufshilfe (Werbung) selling (display, dealer) aid, sales tool, promotion matter, visual;
• audiovisuelle Verkaufshilfen audiovisual aids;
• Verkaufshinweis sales notice;
• Verkaufsidee sales idea;
• Verkaufsimpuls sales incentive (stimulant);
• Verkaufsindex retail-price index;
• Verkaufsingenieur sales[man] engineer, technical sales representative;
• Verkaufsinserat advertisement of a sale;
• Verkaufsinstrument sales instrument;
• Verkaufsinteresse selling interest, inclination to sell;
• Verkaufsinterview sales interview;
• Verkaufsjahr sales year;
• Verkaufsjournal sales register;
• Verkaufskalkulation sales estimate;
• Verkaufskampagne sales campaign;
• neue Verkaufskanäle new remarketing channels;
• Verkaufskanone top (star) salesman;
• Verkaufskartell sales syndicate, price ring;
• Verkaufskatalog sale catalog(ue), shopping guide;
• derzeit gültiger Verkaufskatalog current catalog(ue);
• Verkaufsklima sales climate, market atmosphere;
• Verkaufskommission selling brokerage, commission on sales effected;
• Verkaufskommissionär selling agent, factor;
• Verkaufskonsortium (Emission) selling group, underwriting (selling) syndicate;
• Verkaufskontingent sales contingent (quota);
• regionales Verkaufskontingent territory quota;
• Verkaufskontingentierung rationing of sales;
• Verkaufskonto trading account, account sales;
• Verkaufskontor selling agency;
• Verkaufskontrolle sales progress control, orderly marketing (US);
• Verkaufskonzeption marketing conception;
• Verkaufskonzession für etw. haben to be licensed to sell s. th.;
• Verkaufskosten selling costs, sales (selling) expense, cost of sales, (Versicherungsgesellschaft) acquisition cost (expense);
• unmittelbare Verkaufskosten direct selling costs;
• Verkaufs-, Verwaltungs- und allgemeine Kosten (Bilanz) administrative and general selling expenses (US);
• Verkaufskraft shop assistant;
• Verkaufskräfte shop staff, salespeople (US);
• Verkaufskunst selling technique, salesmanship;
• Verkaufskurs asked price, (Devisen) selling rate;
• Verkaufskurs ohne Deckungserhöhung (Börse) exhaust price (US);
• Verkaufskurve sales curve (chart), distribution curve;
• Verkaufsladen shop (Br.), store (US);
• betriebseigener (werkseigener) Verkaufsladen own (industrial) retail store (shop);
• an eine Firma gebundener Verkaufsladen tie-up shop;
• Verkaufslager stock, depot (Br.);
• Verkaufsland country of origin;
• Verkaufslawine avalanche of selling;
• Verkaufslehrgang sales training course;
• Verkaufsleistung sales (market) performance, sales vigo(u)r;
• Verkaufsleiter sales executive (supervisor, manager, promoter), director of sales, (Markenartikel) brand manager;
• einfallsreicher Verkaufsleiter aggressive sales manager;
• Verkaufsleitung sales management;
• Verkaufslenkung sales control, control of the market;
• Verkaufslimit selling limit;
• Verkaufsliste sales list;
• Verkaufsliteratur sales literature;
• Verkaufslizenz licence to sell, selling licence;
• Verkaufslokal salesroom;
• Verkaufslücke sales lag;
• Verkaufsmakler selling broker;
• Verkaufsmannschaft sales force (US);
• Verkaufsmarge profit margin;
• Verkaufsmarkt market, outlet;
• Verkaufsmesse fair. -
13 Vertriebsbüro
Vertriebsbüro n LOGIS distribution office, DO, dock operations, DO* * ** * *Vertriebsbüro
selling agency;
• sich immer mehr dem Vertriebsdenken zuwenden to grow in marketing mindedness;
• Vertriebsdirektor marketing director, merchandising manager;
• Vertriebseinrichtungen distribution equipment (facilities), marketing (sales) facilities, sales devices;
• Vertriebserfahrung[en] marketing know-how (experience);
• Vertriebsergebnis sales result;
• Vertriebsfachleute marketing people, distributive salesman;
• Vertriebsfachmann marketing specialist (man, economist, expert), distributive salesman;
• Vertriebsfeinheiten marketing touches;
• Vertriebsfirma distributing company;
• Vertriebsförderung sales promotion;
• Vertriebsfunktionen marketing functions;
• Vertriebsgebiet sales (trading) territory, distribution outlet;
• großräumiges Vertriebsgebiet large-scale distribution operation;
• Vertriebsgebiet erschließen to make up a market;
• Vertriebsgemeinkosten selling expenses;
• verrechnete Vertriebsgemeinkosten allocated sales overhead expenses;
• Vertriebsgemeinschaft sales combine (syndicate, group);
• Vertriebsgenossenschaft cooperative marketing association;
• Vertriebsgesellschaft trading (agency, marketing) company, sales organization (company, association), distributive enterprise, distributing agency, marketing subsidiary (corporation, US);
• Vertriebsgesetzgebung marketing legislation;
• Vertriebsgewinn sales profit;
• unabhängiger Vertriebshändler independent distributor;
• Vertriebsidee sales idea;
• Vertriebsingenieur salesman engineer, engineer salesman;
• Vertriebskalkulation sales estimate;
• Vertriebskanäle trade channels, channels and outlets;
• elektronische Vertriebskanäle electronic distribution channels;
• neue Vertriebskanäle aufbauen to develop new distribution channels;
• Vertriebskartell marketing cartel;
• Vertriebskaufmann sales promoter;
• Vertriebskenntnisse market skill;
• Vertriebskennzahlen distribution indices;
• Vertriebskontrolle sales progress (marketing) control, orderly marketing (US);
• Vertriebskosten cost (expense) of marketing, marketing (distribution, sales, selling) costs (expense), cost of sales, costs of distribution;
• Vertriebskostenanalyse distribution-cost analysis;
• Vertriebskunde marketing;
• Vertriebslager sales stock;
• Vertriebslagerbestände products for sale;
• Vertriebsleiter sales (distribution) manager, marketing director (manager), market functionary, (für Markenartikel) brand manager, (Verlagshaus) circulation manager;
• Vertriebsleitung marketing management;
• Vertriebslenkung controlled distribution;
• Vertriebsmaßnahmen marketing transactions;
• Vertriebsmathematik mathematics of distribution;
• Vertriebsmethoden distribution (sales, marketing, selling) methods;
• Vertriebsmitarbeiter sales force;
• Vertriebsmöglichkeiten distribution opportunities;
• Vertriebsmonopol sales monopoly;
• Vertriebsnetz distribution (sales) network;
• Vertriebsniederlassung sales (distributive) agency, branch sales office;
• Vertriebsorganisation sales (merchandising) organization, distributor;
• Vertriebs- und Kundendienstorganisation sales and service organization;
• Vertriebsorientierung marketing orientation;
• Vertriebspersonal marketing personnel;
• Vertriebsplan distribution (sales) plan;
• Vertriebsplanung marketing mix (US). -
14 Absatzposition
Absatzposition
market position;
• Absatzpotenzial sales potential;
• Absatzpreis selling (sales) price;
• Absatzproblem marketing problem;
• Absatzprodukt marketing product;
• Absatzprognose sales forecast;
• Absatzprogramm marketing program(me);
• Absatz- und Vertriebsprogramme marketing plan;
• Absatzprovision seller’s commission;
• Absatzprozess marketing process;
• Absatzquote sales (marketing) quota, sales proportion;
• Absatzregulierung market control;
• Absatzrichtung destination of goods sold;
• Absatzrisiko merchandising risk;
• Absatzrückgang letdown (decline, falling) in sales, sales decline (reduction);
• Absatzrückgang aufweisen to be on a downswing;
• Absatzschrumpfung decrease (decline) in sales, sales decline, dwindling sales;
• Absatzschwierigkeiten marketing (sales) difficulties;
• Absatzspezialist marketing specialist;
• mengenmäßiger Absatzspielraum potential market;
• Absatzstab sales force (people, personnel);
• Absatzstatistik marketing statistics, sales chart (statistics);
• Absatzsteigerung increase in sales, increased sales, sales increase;
• planmäßige Absatzsteigerung sales drive;
• Absatzsteuerung marketing control;
• Absatzstockung stagnation in trade, stagnant market, slowing down of sales;
• Absatzstrategie marketing strategy;
• Absatzstruktur marketing structure;
• Absatzstudie marketing investigation, market (marketing [research]) study;
• spätere Absatzstufe later stage in the commercial chain;
• Absatzsyndikat sellers’ cartel;
• Absatzsystem selling plan, marketing (distribution) system;
• Absatztagung sales convention;
• Absatztätigkeit marketing activity (functions);
• Absatztätigkeit fördern to bolster up marketing;
• Absatztechnik marketing technique;
• Absatztendenz sales trend, trend of the market;
• Absatzterminologie marketing terminology;
• Absatzübereinkommen marketing agreement;
• Absatzüberschuss marketing surplus;
• Absatzumfang sales volume, volume of trade;
• Absatzunternehmen sales agency, marketing institution;
• Absatzunterstützung marketing backing;
• Absatzvereinbarung marketing agreement, selling arrangement;
• Absatzvereinigung marketing cooperative (association);
• Absatzverfahren marketing procedure, distribution method;
• Absatzverhältnisse market[ing] conditions, market situation;
• erschwerte Absatzverhältnisse onerous selling conditions (process);
• Absatzverlagerung transfer of sales;
• Absatzverordnung (Agrarprodukte) marketing order;
• Absatzvertrag marketing contract;
• Absatzvertretung marketing (sales [promotion]) agency, distribution;
• Absatzvolumen sales volume, total sales;
• Absatzvorausschätzung sales forecast[ing];
• Absatzvorbereitung durch Vertriebsplanung merchandising (US);
• Absatzvorschau sales forecasting;
• Absatzvorschlag marketing proposal;
• Absatzweg trade (marketing) channels, channels of distribution (trade);
• ausschließlicher Absatzweg exclusive distribution;
• zweistufiger Absatzweg two-tier distribution channel. -
15 Verkaufsprojekt
Verkaufsprojekt
sales proposition;
• Verkaufsproportion sales proportion;
• Verkaufsprospekt sales brochure (literature), selling prospect;
• Verkaufsprovision seller’s (selling) commission, selling brokerage, commission paid on sales, (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) underwriting provision;
• Verkaufspsychologie sales psychology;
• Verkaufspunkte selling points;
• Verkaufsquittung sales check (US);
• Verkaufsquote sales quota, sales proportion;
• Verkaufsrabatt sales discount (allowance), rebate (rebatement) on sales;
• Verkaufsraum saleroom (Br.), warehouse room, wareroom, (Produktenbörse) commercial sale room;
• Verkaufsrechnung sale invoice, (Einzelhandel) bill, account, sales ticket (US), (Großhandel) invoice, (Kommissionsgeschäft) sales account, account sales (US);
• fingierte Verkaufsrechnung pro forma account sales;
• Verkaufsregal shelf;
• Verkaufsregulierung sales control;
• Verkaufsreinerlös net sales proceeds;
• Verkaufsreklame sales promotion (publicity), consumer advertising, (im Laden) point of purchase advertising;
• Verkaufsrekord sales record;
• Verkaufsresultat sales results;
• Verkaufsrichtlinien principles of selling;
• Verkaufsrichtung destination of goods sold;
• Verkaufsrisiko merchandising risk;
• Verkaufsroute tally walk;
• Verkaufsrückgang fall (letdown, decline) in sales, sales drop;
• Verkaufssaison selling (marketing) season;
• Verkaufsschätzung sales estimate;
• Verkaufsschein sale sheet, sales warrant;
• Verkaufsschlager big (hot) seller, article of quick sale, draw-card, hit (US), quick-selling line, (Buch) best seller, knockout (sl.);
• kein großer Verkaufsschlager sein not to be a big runner;
• Verkaufsschulung sales test (training);
• Verkaufsschwankungen sales fluctuations;
• Verkaufssignal sell signal;
• Verkaufssituation sell condition;
• Verkaufssoll-Quotenmethode (Werbeetat) unit-of-sales method;
• Verkaufssollsumme sales target;
• Verkaufsspanne margin on sales;
• Verkaufsspesen selling expenses, (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) sales load, redemption cost;
• Verkaufsspezialist marketing specialist;
• Verkaufsspielraum (Börse) trading range;
• Verkaufsstab selling staff, sales force (people, US, personnel);
• Verkaufsstab mit den neuesten Informationen versehen to update the sales forces;
• Verkaufsstand stall, stand, sales booth, bulk, (Zeitungen) news-stand;
• Verkaufsstand aufschlagen to pitch a sales booth;
• Verkaufsständer rack, counter display container, (Selbstbedienungsladen) gondola;
• werbemäßiger Verkaufsstandpunkt advertising sales angle (aproach). -
16 direct
1. прил.1) общ. прямойSyn:2) общ. прямой, открытый, откровенный, правдивый; ясный, недвусмысленный, очевидный, явныйdirect person [question, reply\] — прямой человек [вопрос, ответ\]
Syn:See:direct appeal, direct contempt, direct democracy, direct discrimination б), direct estoppel, direct liability 1) б)3) общ. прямой, непосредственныйdirect ancestor [heir\] — прямой предок [наследник\]
to have a direct interest in smth. — быть непосредственно заинтересованным в чем-л.
He had direct charge of the laboratory. — Лаборатория находилась в его непосредственном подчинении.
Syn:See:direct access, direct action, direct advertiser, direct advertising, direct approach, direct barter, direct bill, direct business, direct buying, direct cause, direct charging, direct communication, direct competitor, direct consequence, direct constraint, direct consumer sales, direct consumption, direct contact, direct control, direct conversion, direct cost, direct costing, direct customer, direct damage, direct damages, direct data entry, direct debit, direct delivery, direct demand, direct deposit, direct descendant, direct discrimination а), direct effect, direct election, direct environment, direct equity investment, direct execution, direct expense, direct export, direct exporting, direct exposure, direct feedback, direct finance, direct financing, direct foreign investment, direct government payments, direct grant, direct heir, direct hour, direct house, direct impact, direct implementation, direct import, direct importing, direct inference, direct influence, direct infringement, direct injury, direct insurance, direct insurer, direct interference, direct investment, direct knowledge, direct labour, direct lease, direct leasing, direct lending, direct letter of credit, direct liability 2) а), direct light, direct loan, direct loss, direct mail, direct mailer, direct mailing, direct maintenance cost, direct man-hours, direct manufacturing expenses, direct marketer, direct marketing, direct material cost, direct materials, direct measure, direct measurement, direct media, direct method, direct motive, direct observation, direct outlays, direct overhead, direct paper, direct participant, direct payment, direct payout, direct payroll costs, direct placement, direct placing, direct plagiarism, direct posting, direct premium earned, direct premium written, direct premiums, direct premiums earned, direct premiums written, direct producer, direct production, direct profitability, direct project cost, direct promotion, direct purchase, direct purchasing, direct questioning, direct quotation, direct reinsurer, direct response, direct restrictions, direct result, direct revelation mechanism, direct rule, direct sale, direct sales, direct sales force, direct selling, direct settlement, direct store delivery, direct suit, direct supervision, direct supervisor, direct tax, direct taxation, direct test of financial balance, direct testing, direct tracing, direct transfer, direct transformation, direct transition, direct utility function, direct vendor delivery, direct viewing, direct violation, direct vote, direct wages, direct worker, direct write-off, direct writer, Direct Health and Medical Insurance Carriers, Direct Life Insurance Carriers, Direct Selling Establishments4) общ. полный, абсолютныйIs not this the direct contrary of what was admitted before? — Не является ли это заявление прямо противоположным сказанному ранее?
Syn:5) лингв. прямойSee:6) мат. прямойа) (отвесный, горизонтальный, перпендикулярный данной плоскости)See:7) астрон. движущийся с запада на восток ( о небесных телах)8) тех. последовательный, постоянный ( главным образом в словосочетаниях)2. нареч.общ. прямо, сразу, непосредственноI shall communicate with you direct. — Я сразу же свяжусь с вами.
His orders have come down to him direct from on high. — Он получил приказ непосредственно сверху.
Syn:3. гл.1) общ. обращаться, адресовать, писать (куда-л.)to direct words [remarks\] to smb. — обратиться к кому-л. со словами [замечаниями\]
Direct to me at Mr. Hipkis's. — Пишите мне на адрес мистера Хипкиса.
Syn:2) упр. руководить, управлять, контролироватьto direct a business [a campaign\] — руководить предприятием [компанией\]
Wisdom is profitable to direct. — Мудрость помогает управлять.
Syn:3) упр. приказывать, указывать; предписывать, давать указания [распоряжения\]as directed — в соответствии с указаниями [с предписанием\]
to direct John to drive to New York — распорядиться, чтобы Джон ехал в Нью-Йорк
The council directed the Chief Fire Officer to prepare a survey of fire precautions in schools. — Совет поручил начальнику пожарной охраны подготовить доклад об уровне пожарной безопасности в школах.
He is directed by his conscience. — Он следует велениям своей совести.
Syn:4) юр. решатьThe judge directed the verdict for the defendant. — Судья решил дело в пользу ответчика.
5) общ. наставлять; давать советы, учить; инструктироватьto direct smb. in matters of diplomacy — быть чьим-л. наставником в вопросах дипломатии
6) иск. дирижироватьSyn:7) иск. ставить (пьесу, спектакль, сцену, мизансцену, фильм)8) общ. направлять (людей, усилия, действия, внимание); побуждать, подсказыватьto direct one's eyes — обратить свой взор (куда-л.)
to direct one's steps — направляться (куда-л.)
to direct one's efforts [energies\] to smth. — отдавать силы [энергию\] чему-л.
They were directed to work at the archives. — Они были направлены на работу в архив.
In love it is heart that directs you. — В любви тебе все подсказывает сердце.
They directed the attacks against the enemy's seaports. — Они направили свои удары на вражеские порты.
Syn:9) общ. указывать дорогуCan you direct me to the nearest railway station? — Не подскажете дорогу к ближайшей железнодорожной станции?
Syn:10) общ., воен. целить(ся), нацеливать(ся), направлятьSyn: -
17 strategy
n мен. стратегія; політика; поведінка; спосіб дії; a стратегічнийплан і передбачений спосіб дії для виконання і забезпечення цілей компанії чи інших організацій═════════■═════════admissible strategy припустима стратегія; advertising strategy стратегія реклами • рекламна стратегія; available • доступна стратегія; bargaining strategy стратегія торгів • стратегія проведення торгів • стратегія переговорів; best strategy найкраща стратегія; bidding strategy стратегія торгів; brand extension strategy стратегія розширення марки; broad strategyies загальні стратегічні напрями; business strategy стратегія ділової активності; campaign strategy стратегія кампанії • стратегія рекламної кампанії; cautious strategy обережна стратегія; communication strategy стратегія комунікації; competitive strategy конкурентоспроможна стратегія • стратегія підходу до конкурентів; competitive marketing strategy маркетингова стратегія • підхід до конкурентів; composite strategy складова стратегія; copy strategy текстова стратегія • загальний підхід до тексту; core strategy основоположна стратегія • основна стратегія; corporate strategy стратегічний напрям фірми • загальнофірмова стратегія; corporate identity strategy стратегія фірмового стилю; creative strategy творча стратегія; development strategy стратегія розвитку; discount strategy стратегія зниження цін; distribution strategy стратегія розповсюдження товару; dominant strategy домінуюча стратегія; duplicated strategy дубльована стратегія; effective strategy ефективна стратегія; empirical strategy емпірична стратегія; entry strategy стратегія входу; equilibrium strategy стратегія рівноваги; essential strategy суттєва стратегія; expansion strategy стратегія розширення; experience-curve pricing strategy стратегія ціноутворення на основі кривої досвідченості; feedback strategy стратегія зі зворотним зв'язком; flexible strategy гнучка стратегія; follow-up strategy стратегія наступної роботи • додаткова стратегія • послідовна стратегія; forecasting strategy стратегія прогнозування; forward strategy наступальна стратегія; general strategy загальна стратегія; geographic pricing strategy стратегія ціноутворення за географічним принципом; good-value strategy стратегія якості; grim-trigger strategy стратегія «спускового гачка» • стратегія взаємодії компаній в умовах олігополії; growth strategy стратегія зростання; hard-line strategy жорстка стратегія; inadmissible strategy неприпустима стратегія; independent strategy незалежна стратегія; initial strategy початкова стратегія; interaction strategy стратегія взаємодії; interest-rate strategy стратегія відсоткової ставки; intervention strategy стратегія втручання; joint strategy спільна стратегія; linear strategy лінійна стратегія • математично обчислена стратегія; long-term strategy довгострокова стратегія • перспективна стратегія; management strategy стратегія менеджменту • стратегія управління виробництвом; market strategy ринкова стратегія; market coverage strategy стратегія охоплення ринку; market entry strategy стратегія входу на ринок; market expanding strategy стратегія розширення ринку; marketing strategy стратегія маркетингу • маркетингова стратегія; marketing mix strategy стратегія формування маркетингового комплексу; maximin strategy максимінна стратегія; media strategy стратегія вибору засобів реклами; message strategy стратегія звернення; milking strategy стратегія «видоювання» ринку; minimax strategy мінімаксна стратегія; mixed strategy змішана стратегія; monopoly strategy монополістична стратегія; multi-brand strategy багатомарочна стратегія; multistage strategy багатоступенева стратегія; nonoverlapping strategyies стратегії, які не перетинаються; optimal strategy оптимальна стратегія; ordering strategy порядок подання замовлень; overall sales strategy загальна стратегія збуту; penetration strategy стратегія проникнення; permissible strategy допустима стратегія; price strategy стратегія ціноутворення; pricing strategy стратегія ціноутворення; product strategy товарна політика • стратегія товару; production strategy стратегія виробництва; product-line strategy стратегія товарного асортименту; profit-taking strategy стратегія отримання максимально можливого прибутку; promotion strategy стратегія стимулювання • стратегія просування товару; public relations strategy стратегія громадських зв'язків; pull strategy; pure strategy чиста стратегія; push strategy; reach strategy стратегія охоплення; randomizing strategy випадкова стратегія • стратегія за правилами теорії вірогідності; replacement strategy стратегія поповнення запасів • порядок заміни устаткування; replenishment strategy стратегія поповнення запасів; rip-off strategy стратегія пограбування; sales strategy торговельна стратегія • збутова стратегія; sales-force strategy стратегія роботи торговельного апарату; scheduling strategy стратегія календарного планування • стратегія оперативного управління виробництвом; search strategy стратегія пошуку; segmentation strategy стратегія сегментації ринку • підхід до сегментації ринку; selling strategy торговельна стратегія; social change strategy стратегія суспільних змін; spending strategy стратегія витрат; stationary strategy статична стратегія; strict strategy чиста стратегія; team strategy колективний стратегічний підхід • гуртовий стратегічний підхід; technological strategy технологічна стратегія; thrifty strategy економічна стратегія; tit-for-tat strategy стратегія повторення ходів супротивника • стратегія «око за око»; upgrading strategy стратегія підняття рівня • стратегія підняття якісного рівня; winning strategy переможна стратегія═════════□═════════dominant strategy equilibrium рівновага домінуючої стратегії; strategy formulation формулювання стратегії; strategy of overcharging стратегія завищення цін; to carry out a strategy виконувати/виконати стратегію; to develop a strategy розробляти/розробити стратегію • розвивати/розвинути стратегію; to draw up strategy оформляти/оформити стратегію; to follow a strategy дотримуватися/дотриматися стратегії; to plan a strategy планувати/запланувати стратегію; to play a strategy застосовувати/застосувати стратегію; to pursue a strategy дотримуватися/дотриматися стратегії; to work out a strategy розробляти/розробити стратегію • розвивати/розвинути стратегію* * *стратегія ( відносно галузі або країни); основні напрями діяльності -
18 national
1. прил.1) общ. национальный, общенациональный, народный (относящийся к данной стране, народу в целом; в отличие от местного, регионального, международного)national law — национальное [внутригосударственное\] право
Syn:See:international, transnational, supranational, domestic, national accordance, national account, national accounts, national affairs, national administration 2), national advertising, national agreement, national assent, National Automated Accounting Research System, national bank 2), national bolshevism, national brand, national campaign, national central bank, National Change of Address, national character, national communism, national communist, National Competition Policy, national competitive bidding, national consent, national consumption, National Counterintelligence Executive, national currency, National Development Bond, National Disability Development Initiative, national distribution, national distributor, national economic accounting, national economics, National Exchange Market System, national firm, National Flood Insurance Program, national government, national harmony, national idea, national identity, national income, National Institutional Delivery System, National Insurance, national interest, national launch, national legitimacy, national market, national marketer, national marketing, national minimum wage, national nominating convention, national non-domestic rate, national numbering agency, national origins system, national origins quota system, national ownership 2), national patent, national patent law, national policy, national policy, national politics, national product, national promotion, National Public Accountant, national question, national reconciliation, national retailer, national sales force, national sales manager, national savings, National Secretary's Day, national security, national self-consciousness, national self-determination, national service, National Socialism, national sovereignty, national tax policy, national taxes, national trademark, national treatment, National Vocation Qualification, national wealth, national wholesaler, National Westminster Bank Ltd. v. Holesowen Presswork and Assemblies Ltd., National Association of Securities Dealers Rules of Fair Practice, National Bank Act, National Banking Act, National Exchange Market System Act, National Flood Insurance Act, National Health Service Reorganization Act 1973, National Housing Act, National Income and Product Accounts, National Labor Relations Act, National Minimum Wage Act 1998, National Trade Estimate Report, National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, National Advertising Benevolent Society, National Advertising Division, National Advertising Division of the Council of Better Business Bureaus, National Advertising Review Board, National Advertising Review Council, National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policies, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Agricultural Statistics Service, National Alliance for Insurance Education & Research, National Alliance for Insurance Education and Research, National Alliance Research Academy, National and Local Government Officers' Association, National Assembly, National Association for Variable Annuities, National Association of Accountants, National Association of Colleges and Employers, National Association of Corporation Schools, National Association of Corporation Training, National Association of Cost Accountants, National Association of Employment Managers, National Association of Export Companies, National Association of Federal Credit Unions, National Association of Health Underwriters, National Association of Independent Insurance Adjusters, National Association of Independent Insurers, National Association of Insurance and Financial Advisors, National Association of Insurance Brokers, National Association of Insurance Commissioners, National Association of Insurance Women, National Association of Investment Clubs, National Association of Investment Companies, National Association of Investors Corporation, National Association of Life Underwriters, National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies, National Association of Pension Funds, National Association of Personal Financial Advisors, National Association of Professional Insurance Agents, National Association of Professional Surplus Lines Offices, National Association of Public Insurance Adjusters, National Association of Purchasing Managers, National Association of Recording Merchandisers, National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, National Association of Schoolmasters and Union of Women Teachers, National Association of Securities Dealers, National Association of Securities Dealers and Investment Managers, National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National 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National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers2) общ. государственный (финансируемый и/или контролируемый государством; в отличие от частного)national library — государственная [национальная\] библиотека
See:national administration 1), national bank 1), national curriculum, national debt, national ownership 1), national property, national treasury, National Archives and Records Administration, National Cemetery Administration2. сущ.общ. подданный, гражданин (какого-л. государства)fellow nationals, one's own nationals — сограждане, соотечественники
See:specially designated national, Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, resident 2. 2)
* * *
1) национальный, относящийся к данному государству, народу; 2) внутренний, в отличие от международного. -
19 below-the-line
1. Mktgrelating to the proportion of marketing expenditure allocated to nonadvertising activities such as public relations, sales promotion, printing, presentations, sponsorship, and sales force support2. Finused to describe entries in a company’s profit and loss account that show how the profit is distributed, or where the funds to finance the loss originate.3. Finin macroeconomics, used to describe a country’s capital transactions. -
20 venta directa
f.direct sale, direct selling, direct marketing, outright sale.* * *(n.) = direct sale, direct marketing, direct sellingEx. Despite what amounts to undercutting by direct sale publishers calling themselves 'book clubs', the British net book agreement has remained in force until the present day.Ex. The author explores the tools that can be employed in promotion: advertising; direct marketing; sales promotion; public relations and publicity; personal selling; and sponsorship.Ex. Direct selling has been something of a fringe activity in publishing for many years.* * *(n.) = direct sale, direct marketing, direct sellingEx: Despite what amounts to undercutting by direct sale publishers calling themselves 'book clubs', the British net book agreement has remained in force until the present day.
Ex: The author explores the tools that can be employed in promotion: advertising; direct marketing; sales promotion; public relations and publicity; personal selling; and sponsorship.Ex: Direct selling has been something of a fringe activity in publishing for many years.
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